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10 Landlocked Countries in the World

Landlocked countries tell an incredible story of resilience, geography, and adaptation. These nations have no direct access to the sea or ocean, which means trade routes, imports, and exports depend on neighboring countries. Yet, some of them have developed strong economies, efficient infrastructure, and a global presence. The Top 10 Landlocked Countries in the World showcase how nations can thrive despite being surrounded by land on all sides.

Each country on this list stands out, some for their massive size, others for their economic influence, or cultural depth. 

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Quick Overview of the Top 10 Landlocked Countries in the World

CountryContinentArea (sq km)Population (2025 est.)
KazakhstanAsia2,724,90019.6 million
MongoliaAsia1,564,1163.5 million
ChadAfrica1,284,00018.5 million
NigerAfrica1,267,00027.2 million
MaliAfrica1,241,23823.4 million
EthiopiaAfrica1,104,300126.5 million
BoliviaSouth America1,098,58112.4 million
ZambiaAfrica752,61221.1 million
AfghanistanAsia652,86741 million
South SudanAfrica644,32911.6 million

1. Kazakhstan – The Largest Landlocked Country in the World

Kazakhstan is the biggest landlocked country globally, covering 2.7 million square kilometers. It bridges Europe and Asia and is known for its vast steppe, oil fields, and mineral wealth. Despite being inland, Kazakhstan’s economy thrives on exports of oil, natural gas, uranium, and metals. Its GDP stands at roughly $237 billion, the highest among all landlocked countries. Kazakhstan’s modern capital, Astana, represents its transformation into a strong, industrial, and forward-looking nation. Its strategic position makes it a vital trade hub between China and Europe through transcontinental rail networks.

Key Facts about Kazakhstan (Landlocked Country in Asia)

  • Area: 2,724,900 sq km
  • Population: Around 19.6 million
  • Major Exports: Oil, Gas, Metals
  • GDP (2025): Approx. $237 billion
  • Borders: Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan

2. Mongolia – Landlocked Between Giants Russia and China

Mongolia lies in the heart of Asia, between Russia and China. It spreads over 1.56 million sq km and is known for its deserts, highlands, and cold climate. Despite having a population of just 3.5 million, it holds immense mineral wealth, particularly in coal, copper, and gold. Being landlocked, Mongolia relies on its two neighbors for trade routes. Most exports go to China through railways and border corridors. Tourism and renewable energy are also growing sectors of its economy, contributing to a GDP of about $18 billion.

Important Details of Mongolia’s Economy and Geography

  • Total Area: 1,564,116 sq km
  • Capital: Ulaanbaatar
  • Population: 3.5 million
  • Key Industries: Mining, Agriculture, Tourism
  • Natural Wonder: Gobi Desert, one of the world’s largest deserts

3. Chad – Africa’s Landlocked Desert Nation

Chad covers about 1.28 million sq km, located at the center of Africa. It is rich in oil and minerals but faces logistical challenges due to limited transport infrastructure. Its GDP of $13 billion depends heavily on oil exports, which are transported via pipelines through Cameroon. Agriculture and livestock farming employ most of the population. Chad’s landlocked position and desert climate make transportation expensive, but new regional projects aim to improve connectivity.

Chad: Quick Highlights for Better Understanding

  • Area: 1,284,000 sq km
  • Population: 18.5 million
  • Currency: Central African CFA franc
  • Main Exports: Oil, Cotton, Livestock
  • Climate: Hot, arid, with a large desert region

4. Niger – The Landlocked Country of the Sahara Desert

Niger is one of the hottest countries on Earth. Spanning 1.26 million sq km, it sits entirely within the Sahel and Sahara regions. The country’s economy relies on uranium, agriculture, and livestock. However, desertification and lack of rainfall pose constant challenges. With a population of 27.2 million, Niger’s growth rate is among the fastest in the world. Its GDP stands around $15 billion, and the nation depends on neighboring Benin and Nigeria for access to coastal ports.

Economic and Geographical Summary of Niger

  • Capital: Niamey
  • Area: 1,267,000 sq km
  • Population: 27.2 million
  • Main Export: Uranium
  • Key River: Niger River (supports farming and trade)

5. Mali – The Landlocked Gold-Rich Nation of West Africa

Mali, covering 1.24 million sq km, has a deep historical legacy. Once the center of the powerful Mali Empire, the nation remains rich in gold and culture. Its economy, worth about $19 billion, depends on mining and agriculture. Being landlocked, Mali relies on Senegal’s Port of Dakar and Guinea’s Port of Conakry for maritime access. Political challenges and limited infrastructure sometimes affect trade, but Mali’s cultural heritage and resource potential remain strong.

Mali’s Key Information for Geography Learners

  • Area: 1,241,238 sq km
  • Capital: Bamako
  • Population: 23.4 million
  • Natural Resource: Gold
  • Famous City: Timbuktu (historic trade hub)

6. Ethiopia – The Most Populated Landlocked Country in the World

Ethiopia lost its coastline in 1993 after Eritrea’s independence. Today, with over 126 million people, it is the most populous landlocked country on the planet. Covering 1.1 million sq km, it has one of Africa’s fastest-growing economies, valued at $156 billion. Ethiopia uses the Port of Djibouti for almost all its imports and exports. The country has invested heavily in infrastructure, including railways, industrial zones, and renewable energy projects. Coffee remains its most important export.

Fast Facts: Ethiopia’s Growth Story

  • Area: 1,104,300 sq km
  • Capital: Addis Ababa
  • Population: 126.5 million
  • GDP (2025): $156 billion
  • Export Strength: Coffee, Gold, Leather

7. Bolivia – South America’s Only Large Landlocked Nation

Bolivia covers 1.09 million sq km and has a population of 12.4 million. It became landlocked after losing its coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific. Today, Bolivia uses ports in Chile and Peru for trade. Despite challenges, Bolivia’s GDP of $45 billion reflects strong growth in natural gas, lithium, and agriculture. The country also holds the world’s largest lithium reserves, vital for electric vehicle batteries.

Bolivia at a Glance

  • Capital: La Paz
  • Area: 1,098,581 sq km
  • GDP: $45 billion
  • Main Exports: Natural Gas, Lithium, Silver
  • Highest Capital in the World: 3,640 meters above sea level

8. Zambia – Africa’s Copper Belt Hub

Zambia, covering 752,612 sq km, is rich in copper and minerals. It has a population of 21 million and a GDP of $32 billion. Mining forms the backbone of its economy, while agriculture and tourism also contribute significantly. Because it is landlocked, Zambia depends on trade corridors through Tanzania and Mozambique for sea access. The country’s central location in southern Africa makes it a vital link for regional trade.

Zambia’s Geographic and Economic Overview

  • Capital: Lusaka
  • Area: 752,612 sq km
  • Population: 21.1 million
  • Primary Export: Copper
  • Major Natural Attraction: Victoria Falls

9. Afghanistan – A Strategic Landlocked Nation in Asia

Afghanistan spans 652,867 sq km and lies at the intersection of Central and South Asia. With a population of 41 million, it has an economy valued at about $14 billion. Agriculture and mineral extraction are key sectors. Afghanistan’s strategic location gives it potential as a trade corridor between Asia and the Middle East. However, political instability and lack of infrastructure limit its development. Efforts continue to improve rail links and trade routes.

Afghanistan’s Essential Facts

  • Capital: Kabul
  • Area: 652,867 sq km
  • GDP: $14 billion
  • Population: 41 million
  • Major Exports: Fruits, Carpets, Minerals

10. South Sudan – The World’s Youngest Landlocked Nation

South Sudan became independent in 2011, covering 644,329 sq km with a population of 11.6 million. Its GDP is about $8 billion, primarily dependent on oil production. The country exports oil through pipelines via Sudan to reach Port Sudan. However, ongoing infrastructure projects aim to open trade routes through Kenya and Uganda. Agriculture and energy development hold promise for future growth.

South Sudan’s Core Data and Facts

  • Area: 644,329 sq km
  • Capital: Juba
  • Population: 11.6 million
  • Main Export: Oil
  • Independence: 2011

Common Challenges Faced by Landlocked Nations

Before ranking these top 10 landlocked countries, it’s important to understand the shared struggles they face. These countries lack direct access to maritime trade routes, leading to higher logistics costs and slower economic integration. However, many are adapting through smart policies.

Major Challenges Faced by Landlocked Countries:

  • High transportation costs due to lack of ports
  • Dependence on neighboring nations for trade
  • Limited global market access
  • Infrastructure bottlenecks
  • Political instability in border regions

FAQs on the Top 10 Landlocked Countries in the World

Which is the largest landlocked country in the world?

Kazakhstan is the largest, covering about 2.7 million square kilometers.

Which landlocked country has the biggest economy?

Ethiopia leads with a GDP of approximately $156 billion.

Which is the smallest among the top 10 landlocked countries?

South Sudan, with an area of 644,329 sq km.

Which landlocked country has the highest population?

Ethiopia, with over 126 million people.

Which continent has the most landlocked countries?

Africa has the highest number, with 16 landlocked nations.

Which South American country is landlocked?

Bolivia is South America’s largest landlocked country.

When did South Sudan become a landlocked nation?

It gained independence in 2011, becoming the world’s youngest country.

Do landlocked countries trade successfully without seaports?

Yes. They rely on neighboring countries’ ports, rail networks, and trade treaties for global access.

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